Lesson Summaries
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Mathematical Reasoning
Chapter 1: Number operations, fractions, and exponents
Mathematical Reasoning
Build the number sense used in every GED math problem: signed numbers, fractions, decimals, roots, and scientific notation.
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Chapter 2: Ratios, rates, proportions, and percent
Mathematical Reasoning
Translate real situations into ratios, unit rates, proportions, and percent equations.
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Chapter 3: Geometry and measurement
Mathematical Reasoning
Use diagrams and formulas to solve perimeter, area, surface area, volume, angle, and scale problems.
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Chapter 4: Data, statistics, and probability
Mathematical Reasoning
Summarize data, read distributions, and calculate simple and compound probabilities.
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Chapter 5: Expressions, equations, and word problems
Mathematical Reasoning
Translate words into algebra, simplify expressions, and solve one- and two-step equations.
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Chapter 6: Inequalities, lines, and systems
Mathematical Reasoning
Solve inequalities and linear relationships in equations, tables, and coordinate graphs.
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Chapter 7: Functions, polynomials, and quadratics
Mathematical Reasoning
Recognize functions, evaluate rules, and solve common polynomial and quadratic problems.
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Reasoning Through Language Arts
Chapter 1: Central ideas, details, and inference
Reasoning Through Language Arts
Read literary and informational passages for central ideas, supporting details, and logical inferences.
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Chapter 2: Arguments, evidence, and author’s purpose
Reasoning Through Language Arts
Analyze claims, evidence, reasoning, purpose, tone, bias, and persuasive techniques.
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Chapter 3: Literary elements and text structure
Reasoning Through Language Arts
Interpret plot, character, setting, figurative language, point of view, and organizational structure.
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Chapter 4: Grammar and language use
Reasoning Through Language Arts
Apply standard English agreement, pronoun, verb, modifier, and word-choice rules.
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Chapter 5: Sentences, punctuation, and mechanics
Reasoning Through Language Arts
Build complete sentences and use punctuation, capitalization, and spelling conventions.
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Chapter 6: Organization, transitions, and revision
Reasoning Through Language Arts
Improve paragraph focus, logical order, transitions, style, and concision.
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Chapter 7: Extended response essay
Reasoning Through Language Arts
Plan and write an evidence-based comparison of two arguments under time pressure.
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Science
Chapter 1: Scientific inquiry and experimental design
Science
Understand hypotheses, variables, controls, constants, samples, reliability, and validity.
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Chapter 2: Data, graphs, statistics, and conclusions
Science
Interpret scientific tables and graphs and connect claims to quantitative evidence.
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Chapter 3: Cells, heredity, and biotechnology
Science
Study cell structure, energy processes, reproduction, genetics, and modern biological applications.
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Chapter 4: Evolution, ecosystems, and human body systems
Science
Connect natural selection, ecology, energy flow, cycles, homeostasis, and interacting body systems.
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Chapter 5: Matter, atoms, and chemical reactions
Science
Reason about properties of matter, atomic structure, mixtures, solutions, and chemical change.
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Chapter 6: Motion, forces, energy, electricity, and waves
Science
Apply physical-science models to motion, force, work, energy, circuits, and waves.
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Chapter 7: Earth and space systems
Science
Understand Earth’s materials, plate tectonics, weather, climate, resources, the solar system, and the universe.
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Social Studies
Chapter 1: Constitutional foundations and branches
Social Studies
Understand founding principles, the Constitution, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism.
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Chapter 2: Rights, liberties, elections, and civic participation
Social Studies
Analyze constitutional rights, amendments, due process, equal protection, voting, parties, and citizen action.
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Chapter 3: U.S. history: founding through the Civil War
Social Studies
Trace colonization, independence, founding debates, expansion, slavery, sectional conflict, and the Civil War.
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Chapter 4: U.S. history: Reconstruction to the present
Social Studies
Connect Reconstruction, industrialization, reform, wars, civil rights, and modern political and social change.
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Chapter 5: Economics and personal financial reasoning
Social Studies
Use scarcity, markets, government policy, productivity, and basic financial concepts to explain choices.
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Chapter 6: Geography, environment, and global connections
Social Studies
Read spatial information and explain how location, resources, migration, and human–environment interaction shape societies.
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Chapter 7: Primary sources, charts, and historical reasoning
Social Studies
Evaluate documents and data using sourcing, context, corroboration, chronology, cause, and comparison.
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